ARK Invest and Glassnode published a joint report titled The Decentralization Spectrum on September 1, 2026, comparing Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana across four key design features: auditability, security, governance, and ownership. ^[1] Robinhood Chain, an Ethereum Layer-2 built on Arbitrum's technology, generated over $1 million in revenue in August, just 60 days after launching on the public mainnet. ^[2] Bitcoin and Ethereum have critical control thresholds of just three entities required to collude to alter the ledger, whereas Solana requires 19 entities to achieve the same level of collusion. ^[3] Bitcoin boasts the most evenly distributed node infrastructure, with 63% of its nodes operating behind Tor, while Ethereum relies heavily on cloud providers with Amazon Web Services hosting approximately 20% of its nodes. ^[4] The report quantifies decentralization tradeoffs across six measurable dimensions: ownership distribution, exit fluidity, network verification overhead, critical resilience threshold, blockchain reconstruction overhead, and geographic/provider resilience. ^[5] According to ARK Invest, Robinhood Chain's revenue jumped to $1.087 million by August 30, compared to $49,000 on August 22. ^[6] Robinhood Chain achieved a record $1.4 billion in daily decentralized exchange volume, surpassing Ethereum's $1.2 billion but trailing Solana's $2.4 billion. ^[7] Analysts suggest Robinhood Chain's growing on-chain traffic may put pressure on Solana's dominance in the decentralized exchange sector. ^[8]