A report published by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at The University of Manchester concludes that there is no credible scenario in which Heathrow expansion can proceed without breaching the UK's legally binding climate targets. ^[1] Ross Compton, senior director for global policy at the EnerGeo Alliance, stated that all forms of energy, including oil and gas, are needed in South Africa more than ever due to rising demand from a growing population and challenges in global energy supply systems. ^[2] Dr. Lois Pennington, a research fellow at the Tyndall Centre, stated that every aviation scenario the UK government has published overshoots the carbon budget that Parliament has legislated, even before a third runway at Heathrow is considered. ^[3] The report, commissioned by the environmental justice organization Friends of the Earth, provides the first detailed analysis of the compatibility between Heathrow expansion and the UK's legal carbon budgets. ^[4] Gwede Mantashe, the minister of mineral & petroleum resources, said in a written reply to a question in parliament in June that South Africa's oil and gas upstream potential needs to be unlocked to insulate the country against oil shocks. ^[5] Lisa Makaula, Green Connection's advocacy lead, said the UPRDA and the proposed Gas Bill were not aligned with the Climate Change Act and could expose taxpayers to significant environmental liabilities. ^[6] Ross Compton said that South Africa faced a 'gas cliff' and limited capacity to refine products domestically. ^[7]